Contractual restriction

Option valuation models

by

Option valuation models

Option valuation models use mathematical techniques to identify a range of possible future share prices at the exercise date. From these possible future share prices, the pay-off of an option can be calculated. These intrinsic values at exercise are then probability-weighted and discounted to their present value to estimate the fair value of the option at the grant date.

This narrative is part of the IFRS 2 series, look here.

Model selection

There are three main models used to value options:

  • closed-form models: e.g. the BSM model;
  • lattice models; and
  • simulation models: e.g. Monte Carlo models.

These models generally result in very similar values if the same assumptions are used. However, certain models may be more restrictive than others – e.g. in terms of the different pay-offs that can be considered or assumptions that can be incorporated.

For example, a BSM model incorporates early exercise behaviour by using an expected term assumption that is shorter than the contractual life, whereas a lattice model or Monte Carlo model can incorporate more complex early exercise behaviour.

Simple model explanation

The approach followed in, for example, a lattice model illustrates the principles used in an option valuation model in a simplified manner.

Read more

Long-term supply contracts

by

Long-term supply contracts – To apply IFRS 15, automotive parts suppliers (APSs) will need to change the way they evaluate long-term supply contracts. APSs need to use significant judgement when they identify separate performance obligations (i.e., units of account), which may be different from those identified under IAS 18. Tooling equipment APSs commonly enter into long-term arrangements with Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to provide specific parts, such as seat belts or steering wheels. An arrangement typically includes the construction for the tooling, which is required to be used when manufacturing the parts to meet the OEM’s specifications. In many cases, the APS will construct and transfer the legal title for the tooling to the OEM after construction, even though they … Read more

Protective rights

by

Protective rights relate to fundamental changes to the activities of an investee or apply in exceptional circumstances. However, not all rights that apply in exceptional circumstances or are contingent on events are protective. Because protective rights are designed to protect the interests of their holder without giving that party power over the investee to which those rights relate, an investor that holds only protective rights cannot have power or prevent another party from having power over an investee.

Restrictions on transferred assets

by

Restrictions on transferred assets – Stipulations that limit or direct the purposes for which a transferred asset may be used, but do not specify future benefit

Revenue recognition over time alternative use

by

Revenue recognition over time alternative use – IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (contents page is here) introduced a single and comprehensive framework which sets out how much revenue is to be recognised, and when. The core principle is that a vendor should recognise revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the vendor expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. See a summary of IFRS 15 here. Revenue recognition over time alternative use This section is part of step 5 Recognise revenue as or when each performance obligation is satisfied. The performance obligation may be satisfied over time as a result … Read more

Right to control the use of the identified asset in IFRS 16 – Best read

by

Right to control the use of the identified asset – A contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time if, throughout the period of use, the customer has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset and the right to direct the use of the identified asset. Right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset A customer can obtain economic benefits either directly or indirectly (e.g., using, holding or subleasing the asset). Economic benefits include the asset’s primary outputs (i.e., goods or services) and any by-products (e.g., renewable energy credits that are generated through use … Read more

IFRS 16 Right to direct the use of the identified asset

by

IFRS 16 Right to direct the use of the identified asset Requiring a customer to have the right to direct the use of an identified asset is a change from IFRIC 4. A contract may have met IFRIC 4’s control criterion if, for example, the customer obtained substantially all of the output of an underlying asset and met certain price-per-unit-of-output criteria even though the customer did not have the right to direct the use of the identified asset as contemplated by IFRS 16. Under IFRS 16, such arrangements would no longer be considered leases [IFRS 16 B24] A customer has the right to direct the use of an identified asset throughout the period of use when either: IFRS 16 Right … Read more